Development of students' creative abilities in biology lessons. Research methods in biology - Knowledge Hypermarket Research methods in biology analysis

Program: ,

Lesson #2

Topic: “Research methods in biology.”

Tasks:

Educational: Introduce students to research methods in biology, consider the sequence of an experiment, and identify the difference between a hypothesis and a law or theory.

Developmental: Promote the development of intellectual skills and memory; continue the ability to compare and analyze, highlight the main points and give examples. Form a holistic picture of the world.

Educational: Contribute to the formation of a scientific worldview, implement environmental and aesthetic education, sex and labor education.

Equipment: Tables depicting the sequence of the experiment. Presentation.

Progress:

I. Organizing time

II. Updating knowledge (10 minutes).

Work with cards (3 options): write a definition.

Option 1:

3. Write a definition:

Option 2:

1. What kingdoms are distinguished in living nature?

2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?

3. Write a definition:

Botany, geobotany, ornithology, physiology, histology, ecology, biochemistry.

Option 3:

1. What kingdoms are distinguished in living nature?

2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?

3. Write a definition:

Zoology, bryology, paleobotany, ethology, anatomy, genetics, biotechnology.

III. Learning new material (20 minutes).

In the last lesson, we looked at the concept of biology as a science in general. Today we will look at what methods are used in biology.

The topic of our lesson today: “Research methods in biology” ( slide 1 ). – notebook entry.

What research methods does this science of biology use?

Question: Before we start looking, let's define what science is?

Science is one of the ways to study and understand the world around us ( slide 2 ). Writing in a notebook.

Biology helps us understand the living world. We already know that people have been studying living nature since ancient times. First, they studied individual organisms, collected them, and compiled lists of plants and animals inhabiting different places. Usually this period of study of living organisms is called descriptive, and the discipline itself is called natural history. Natural history is the predecessor of biology.

What is the scientific method? The scientific method is a set of techniques and operations used in constructing a system of scientific knowledge. – notebook entry.

Biology is multifaceted and therefore requires systematic and versatile methods of study. The following research methods are distinguished: (slide 3 ).

For example, many biological studies take place directly in nature - observation, description, comparison. At the same time, a significant part of the research requires a laboratory. In laboratory conditions, biologists conduct experiments and carry out modeling. Historical methods of research are not alien to biology, because biology studies living organisms in development, and this development can last millions of years.

Let's look at each one separately: (write in notebook)

Observation (slide 4)

Deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to understand its essential properties. Observation is the starting point of any natural science research. In biology, this is especially noticeable, since the object of its study is man and the living nature that surrounds him. Observation as a method of collecting information is chronologically the very first research technique that appeared in the arsenal of biology; this method has not lost its significance to this day. Observations can be direct or indirect, they can be carried out with or without technical devices. So, an ornithologist sees a bird through binoculars and can hear it, or can record sounds with the device outside the range of the human ear.

Descriptive (slide 5)

To find out the essence of a phenomenon, a person must first collect factual information, and then describe it and present it for use by other generations. The essence of this method is to collect information, describe the characteristics and behavioral signs of the process or living organism being studied, and conduct research at the same time.
In the early period of the development of biology, it was the collection and description of facts that were the main methods of study. These same methods are still relevant today. Description is the result of interpretation of observations. For example, when writing a description of a found skeleton, a paleontologist will call certain bones vertebrae insofar as he uses the method of establishing an analogy with the skeletons of already known animals. Description is the main method of classical biology, based on observation. Later, the descriptive method formed the basis of the comparative and historical methods of biology. Correctly composed descriptions produced in different places at different times can be compared. This allows us to study the similarities and differences between organisms and their parts through comparison.

Comparative method (slide 6)

In the 18th century The comparative method became popular. It is based on the comparison and study of similar and different features of living organisms and their structure. This method is the basis of taxonomy. Thanks to him, a major generalization was discovered and the cell theory was created. This method is still popular today. Comparison is a comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences (for example, you observe insects and notice that many of them have black and yellow stripes. Many people believe that these are all bees and wasps, so handle them carefully.

Historical (slide 7)

The historical method is used to study the patterns of appearance and development of organisms, the formation of their structure and functions.

Experiment (slide 8)

The purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, allowing them to be reproduced and observed. The full cycle of experimental research consists of several stages. Like observation, experimentation presupposes a clearly stated purpose for the study. Therefore, when starting an experiment, you need to determine its goals and objectives and think about the possible results. A scientific experiment must be well prepared and carefully conducted.

(Slide 9) So, as a result of observation and experiment, the researcher gains some knowledge about the external signs, properties of the object or phenomenon being studied, that is, new facts. The results obtained from observations and experiments must be verified by new observations and experiments. Only then can they be considered scientific facts. – recording the diagram in a notebook.

Let's write down the definitions of these methods: notebook entry (slide 10)

Observation - deliberate, purposeful perception of objects and processes in order to understand its essential properties;

Descriptive method - consists in describing objects and phenomena;

Comparison - comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences;

Historical method – comparison of observation results with previously obtained results;

Experiment - purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, allowing to reproduce and observe these phenomena.

How does scientific research actually happen? (slide 11) - recording the diagram in a notebook.

Now let’s look at the procedure for conducting a biological experiment: (slide 12) - writing in a notebook.

IV. Fixing the material (10 minutes). (slide 13).

Describe a scientific study step by step, using the example of studying the conditions necessary for seed germination (pp. 7-8).

V. Homework (slide 14).

§ 2. Describe the step-by-step implementation of a biological experiment on the topic:

Option I: “The influence of water pollution on the number of animals and plants”;

Option II: “The influence of different types and doses of fertilizers on certain varieties of cultivated plants.”

Methods of biology. Biology uses a variety of research methods. The descriptive method is traditional, but has retained its significance. Basic methods of biology:
· Observation And description facts and phenomena (descriptive method). The observation method givesthe ability to analyze and describe biological phenomena. The descriptive method is based on the observation method. In order to find out the essence of a phenomenon, it is necessary first of all to collect and describe factual material. For example, using the observation method, you can study seasonal changes in wildlife. Observation is the study of living nature objects in natural conditions of existence. This is direct observation of the behavior, settlement, and reproduction of plants and animals in nature. For these purposes, both traditional field research tools (binoculars, video cameras) and sophisticated laboratory equipment (microscopes, biochemical analyzers, various measuring equipment) are used.
· Comparison, which makes it possible to establish the similarities and differences between different biological structures and phenomena (comparative method). Compare the anatomical structure, chemical composition, gene structure and other characteristics of organisms of different levels of complexity. In this case, not only living organisms are studied, but also long-extinct ones preserved as fossilized remains in the fossil record.
· Experiment (Latin experimentum - test), during which biological objects and processes are studied under artificially created, precisely controlled conditions (experimental method). The experimental method is associated with the purposeful creation of a system and helps to study the properties and phenomena of living nature. Experimental method (experience) - research of living objects under conditions of extreme environmental factors - changed temperature, light or humidity, increased load, toxicity or radioactivity, changed mode or place of development (removal or transplantation of genes, cells, organs, etc.) . P.) . The experimental method allows us to identify hidden properties, the limits of the adaptive (adaptive) capabilities of living systems, the degree of their flexibility, reliability, and variability.
·Widely used instrumental methods : electrography, radar, etc.